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简介

可用安装介质

Mageia 有两种直接的安装介质类型:

  • DVD ISO 和双架构 CD ISO,使用drakx 传统安装器
  • Live DVD/CD ISO,live ISO 可用来体验发行版本,也可用来将 Mageia 安装到硬盘上。

更多信息,可查看 安装介质 页面。

您可以从 Mageia 下载页面查看相关下载信息;可以直接下载 (ftp 或 http) 或 BitTorrent 下载。

Mageia 在线软件仓库

Mageia 软件包括三个不同的仓库/媒介,仓库的分类主要依赖于每个软件包适用的协议类型。下面是这三个不同仓库的简单介绍:

  • “Core”:核心仓库,主要包括自由开源软件,例如,遵循自由开源协议的软件包,“Core”媒介又包括:"Core Release" 和 "Core Updates" 。
  • “Nonfree”:Nonfree 仓库包括了免费软件包,即,Mageia 可以将它们重新分发,但它们包括了闭源软件(因此,也就是 Nonfree)。例如,该仓库包括 nVidia 和 ATI 显卡驱动、各种 WiFi 固件等。
    Nonfree 媒介默认被添加,但未启用。
  • “Tainted”:(译者注:污染的?) Tainted 仓库包括遵循 free 协议的软件包。本仓库收录的软件包主要标准是这些软件在某些国家或地区侵犯了版权和专利,例如,来播放各种音视频文件的多媒体编解码器;可以播放商业视频 DVD 的软件包,等。
    这些“受污染的”介质默认已被添加,但没有默认将其启用,即,它完全是可选的;所以要使用该仓库的软件前请咨询下当地法律。
    该仓库添加仅是为了用户方便。该仓库之于 Mageia,就像 PLF 之于 Mandriva 用户,或 RPM Fusion 之于 Fedora 用户。

主要新功能

安装

Stage 1

  • The first stage of the installer automatically passes the correct URL to stage2 if it was provided.
eg http://foobar.com/mirrors/mageia/3/ instead of http://foobar.com/mirrors/mageia/3/x86_64
  • The installer can now create and install to a btrfs file system, however to boot correctly a separate ~200MB ext2 partition with the mount point /boot must be created during the partitioning step.
  • It now uses kmod for loading modules
  • A bug was fixed in kmod which would cause the installer to load an incorrect driver for some hardware due to kmod not enforcing module ordering (mga#5833).

List of all change since Mga2

Stage 2

  • Hardware support
    • Tokenring is no longer supported.
    • support was added for ton of recent hardware
  • media
    • it's now possible to enable nonfree & tainted media during install. Proprietary drivers and/or non-free firmware can now be installed during installation. The user is be asked whether to keep non-free packages during installation via a simple checkbox. Moving the mouse above the media shows a description of what each contains.
    • nonfree media is pre-selected if we detect hardware will not work without non free firmwares
    • when adding update media at end of install, all media are now installed as updates might requires packages from the full sources (DVD is only a subset)
  • The installer can now write a debug file to a USB key formatted as NTFS instead of FAT (mga#5685).
  • The installer has been updated to include the latest kernel/rpm/perl/pango/x11-server.
  • Storage
    • whereas drakx integrates well in most virtualized OSes, it finally supports installing on XEN paravirtualized disks.
    • Resizing NTFS works again (it was broken by the switch from ntfsprogs to ntfs-3g)
    • The 'acl' option is only allowed for extX & reiserfs
    • The minimum size for auto spliting /home fs is now 12Gb instead of 8 if simple partioning, or 10Gb instead of 7 to 10Gb if /usr is split (eg: servers)
    • It is now possible to choose btrfs in normal mode
  • GUI:
    • the GUI has been refreshed and now uses the Oxygen theme
    • the help has been vastly improved
    • text size of help and of updates installation is the same as the installer one
  • support for xguest was disabled
  • package groups
    • An "unselect all" button has been added when one chooses to pick package groups, allowing a faster minimal installation.
  • Grub2 can now be installed at the summary step, it can also be installed in a partition. However, please see the errata for information on how to multi-boot into the system. Integration in drakboot is only partial, if you feel that you need to customize the menu then please read /usr/share/doc/grub2/README.Mageia for the native grub2 techniques, or you could maybe try grub-customizer.
  • various improvements:
    • auto install: xdm install is now non interactive
    • fix installing minimum system prior to set up network media
    • installation errors are displayed only once at the end instead of stopping the install for each error with a popup.
  • ...

List of all change since Mageia 2.

调试

It's now possible to rebuild stage 1 & stage 2 packages with a debug option in order to have better environments for debugging the installer.

急救

  • Rescue will select the most recent version of Mageia when several Mageia instances have been installed. It now also offers to pick the one to rescue.
  • It will refuse to repair an incompatible installation (eg: 64 bit OS with a 32 bit rescue).
  • It detects software RAID setups better.
  • It is able to rescue systems with SMB mount points.
  • It includes a script to simplify the grabbing of journal logs for bug reports.
  • It drops unmaintained support for KA (clustering)

软件包管理

RPM 已经升级到 4.11.

Urpmi 已被重构。 修复了各种 Bug 啊(这里自己看,不翻译啦。):

  • urpmi used to download noarch packages twice when using --download-all option on 64-bit machines because they are in both 32 and 64-bit repositories (mga#4867)
  • urpmi no longer silently fails with exit status 0 when:
    • package installation fails due to either conflicts
    • unselecting package
    • failing to install some (but not all) packages
  • urpmi now looks again for missing requires of updates in the regular media instead of only looking in update media (mga#2317)
  • urpmf and urpmq now work as user with the --use-distrib option (mga#1225)
  • urpme will no longer offer to remove DKMS modules for current kernel (mga#5092)
  • gurpmi:
    • gurpmi will upgrade glib, gtk & perl-{Glib,Gtk2} bindings as priority upgrades prior to restart (mga#5066)
    • gurpmi now wraps some huge debug messages and uses a scrollbar in such cases (mga#5118)

各种改进啊:

  • urpmi has now basic support for --downgrade.
  • urpmi has now basic support for delta packages.
  • urpmi.addmedia now enable nonfree/tainted media if such packages were previously installed
  • (g)urpmi reports removed packages (eg: older versions when upgrading) (previously it looked stalled)
  • urpmi now detects I/O, unpacking & scriptlets errors
  • urpmq without parameter doesn't search any more fuzzy matching, you have to add explicitly the argument -y.
  • gurpmi:
    • improved layout
    • better information about disk usage
    • errors summary is displayed at the end instead of showing a popup for each one
    • errors don't popup in automatic mode

List of all the change since Mageia 2.

API 更改

--repackage 选项已经被移除 (自 rpm-4.6 开始就不工作了,它在 2009 被引进)。 仓库元数据现在压缩为 XZ,而不是 gzip 了。

安全

Urpmi 现在可以报警:

  • 当媒介没有签名密钥时;
  • 从没有签名密钥的媒介下载未签名的软件包时;
  • 当签名检测被每个介质禁用时。

urpmi.cfg 里面的 “download-all”已经支持,而不是仅从命令行可用。

图形软件包管理器

当使用某个时间节点时,Rpmdrake 无法正确高亮显示软件包最新的更改。

当点击“New dependencies”时,有时会错误的取消选择的更新。

--merge-all-rpmnew 选项速度快了一些。现在它已经可以响应全部配置文件了,包括 /etc 之外的文件。

Rpmdrake 现在当正在更新/安装或删除软件包时,可以显示一个全局的进度条了,而不是每个 RPM 转换都有一个进度条。

点击 列表 查看自 Mageia 2 以来的全部更改。

工具

Quite a lot of bugs were squashed. Some notable features:

  • Installing kernels had been made safer.
  • Harddrake will install ethernet/wireless packages when a new device is detected, which helps quite a lot for Broadcom devices.
  • Mcc now finds NFS servers whereas it failed to do in some environments before.
  • Bubble notifications were disabled in net_applet due to a segfault in GNOME's libnotify (mga#9102).
  • Autologin is now supported with lxdm & slim too (#3715)

基础系统

内核

  • Mageia 3 内核版本 3.8.13

systemd

GRUB

  • Mageia 3 仍然默认使用 GRUB,然后您可以 GRUB2。 安装器中已有移植可用和部分 drakxtools。

文件系统

  • 目前 OverlayFS 已经可用,可用来构建 live CD

Perl

  • 已经升级到 5.16.3,全部 perl 软件包已经重新构建/或/并已更新

Ruby

  • Ruby 已升级到 1.9.3,大多数软件包已经重新构建

journalctl

  • 目前默认使用 Journalctl。您仍然可以安装 rsyslog,如果您想要在 tty12 或 syslog/user/access/messages 记录日志。 draklog has not been modified to deal with journalctl so you will need to have rsyslog installed to use it.
  • To complete

其他

/usr move

  • /usr move 主要目标提提供一个简单方法,来在正常的使用过程中挂载大多数已经安装的只读的操作系统文件。

或让来制作快照(当与 btrfs 或 lvm 共用时),或通过网络分享。

Grub2

  • Grub2 在 Mageia 中第一次可用,安装过程中可选或者使用 :Mageia Control Center -> Boot. 来测试 grub2,但要一直要使用 grub legacy 请查看 /usr/share/doc/grub2/README.Mageia

备注: 如果安装中已经安装将 grub2 安装到了某个分区,请阅读 Mageia-3 errata 获取更多帮助。

打包

软件包压缩

软件包现在压缩为 XZ,而不是 LZMA

更加简单地调试模式

By default, minimal debuginfo is installed in order to increase the quality of bug reports and allow easier support for profiling and userspace tracing. Developers will receive better bug reports by default, without users having to enable debug media and install big debug packages.

It will also make system-wide profiling, userspace dynamic probes and casual debugging easier.

RPM 组

Mageia 软件包组已经重新组织,分类更加清晰,在 rpmdrake 和安装过程中中更加容易浏览。

大量的重新构建

已经完成了 大量重构。3天时间内,10,500 个源码包在 4 个节点上已经进行重构。感谢打包人员,我们快要 100% 重新构建完成了。

这将改进 Mageia 3 的质量和后续支持(bug 或安装更新),不用再花费时间修复修复那些令人讨厌的杂事了。

桌面环境

KDE

KDE 4.10.2.

  • Upstream configuration
Starting with KDE SC 4.7 we're providing an additional package name, vanilla, in order for an end user to simply use upstream configuration for desktop and applications. You simply need to install the vanilla-kde4-config package via rpmdrake or via urpmi like this:
urpmi vanilla-kde4-config

GNOME

也提供 GNOME 桌面环境。当前版本为 3.6

LXDE

LXDE 版本为 0.5.5。LXDE 的目标是成为轻型、快速和高效的桌面环境。

XFCE

Xfce 4.10 主要是上有修复了多处 Bug。

安装过程中在“其他桌面环境”中也可以在“其他桌面”中进行勾选安装。

Enlightenment

e17 已经进入核心仓库。

RazorQt

提供 RazorQt v. 0.5.2 Beta3 版本: “Razor-qt 是一款高阶、易用、快速的桌面环境,基于 Qt 技术。Razor-qt 对较低配置的机器支持良好。”

Qt

  • Qt 4.8.4
  • Qt 5
  • QtCreator 2.6.1

Office apps

游戏

Steam linux 客户端 已经进入仓库。

教育

Computer Assisted Music

Audio and MIDI Connection Kit

  • JACK JACK 1.9.8 (jackit) and qjackctl its GUI (version 1.9.9 may be provided as update)
  • lv2 lv2 (version 1.2.0) a plugin standard for audio system (the 1.4.0 version may be provided as update)

Multitrack audio recorder

  • Ardour Ardour3 final release is now available (besides Ardour2) with lv2 interface

Instruments

  • aeolus aeolus a church organ emulator
  • Bristol Bristol (a vintage synthesizers emulator) is available with Menu items for each synthesizer
  • Linuxsampler Linuxsampler 1.0 and Qsampler and gigedit (a sample editor) are available
  • Yoshimi a software synthesizer version 0.0.60 (version 1.0 may be provided as update)

Sequencers

  • Rosegarden Rosegarden 12.04 (just released 13.04 version may be proposed as update)
  • Qtractor Qtractor 0.5.6 (just released version 0.5.8 may be proposed as update)

Score editors

  • Lilypond Lilypond 2.16 (last stable edition)
  • Musescore Musescore version 1.2 A GUI for Lilypond (just published version 1.3 may be provided as update)
  • Rosegarden Rosegarden is a score editor too !
  • denemo denemo 0.9.6 (just released 1.0.0 version may be provided as update)

软件开发

从 Mageia 2 升级到 Mageia 3

支持由 Mageia 2进行升级,我们已经在过去的几个月中对此进行了充分实验,理论上可以正常工作。但,建议您“升级前做好重要数据的备份”,确保对 Mageia 2 的各个组件(包括 rpm 和 urpmi)进行翻天覆地的更新。提示,不支持由 Mageia 1 或其他发行版本升级到 Mageia 3。

Mageia 版本升级方法有多种:

警告:“不支持”使用 LiveCD 升级已有的安装,因为 livecd 镜像是作为一个目标系统进行制作的。(Warning: Upgrading an existing install using a LiveCD is NOT supported due to the livecd image being copied "as is" to the target system. )

通过网络进行升级

Mageia 的更新通知插件,Mageia Online,会提示您有新版的 Mageia 系统可用,并询问您是否愿意进行升级。如果同意,无需太多的步骤即可在已有的 Mageia 系统中进行升级操作。

如果您已经禁用该插件,或者因为某些原因它无法自动运行,您可以通过图形界面程序(mgaonline)或命令行(urpmi)来手动进行升级。这两种方法下面都会进行介绍。

首先,您确定当前运行的版本已经安装了最新更新。因为由于 usrmove 的兼容性,较新版本的 magaonline 需要使用其较新版本来进行升级。因此,您必须升级 mgaonline。新版的 mgaonline 软件包将安装 mageia-prepare-upgrade 软件包进行自我升级。


使用 mgaonline 在线升级(图形界面方式)

如上所述,您必须已经升级了 mgaonline。

新版的 mgaonline 将通知您有新版的系统可用,并在继续前自动告诉您需要做的准备,然后:

  • 安装软件包“mageia-prepare-upgrade”
  • 引导您重启系统,并选择“Mageia 3 升级准备”选项

如果您没有看到 mgaonline 通知您有可用的新版本系统,请使用 mgaapplet-config 检查下您的选项

或者

su
mgaapplet-upgrade-helper --new_distro_version=3

它将通知您有可用的 Mageia 3 发行版本,配置 Mageia 介质源并开始进行迁移。这里再次重申下,您在采取该步之前必须已经更新了 mgaonline。


使用 urpmi 进行在线升级(命令行)

  • 在对配置做出任何更改前,确保您已经安装了所要的更新包,也安装了“mageia-prepare-upgrade”软件包。
  • 一旦安装后,重启计算机,选择 "Mageia 3 Upgrade Preparation" 开机选项进入。
  • 重启后,确认 usrmove 已经更新成功(check via ls -l / that /bin and /lib etc. are symlinks,译者注:通过“ls -l /”命令查看 /bin、/lib 等都是符号链接)。接下来,可以继续进行。
  • 移除系统里已有的全部媒介源。打开终端,执行下面命令:
su
urpmi.removemedia -a
  • 添加 Mageia 在线源,可以:
    • 方法一:使用 MIRRORLIST 方法(基于所在地理位置来自动选择一个镜像):
su
urpmi.addmedia --distrib --mirrorlist http://mirrors.mageia.org/api/mageia.3.$ARCH.list
( $ARCH 可为 i586 或 x86_64,根据您系统架构决定)
    • 方法二:使用一个指定的媒介镜像:
su
urpmi.addmedia --distrib <mirror_url>
您可以使用 Mageia 镜像网络应用 来获取 mirror_url 的地址
  • 最后,开始进行升级:
su
urpmi --replacefiles --auto-update --auto
  • 最好将上面的命令运行两遍,防止一些软件下载是下载下来了,可能没有安装。

使用 Mageia 3 DVD 进行升级

您可以使用 Mageia 3 DVD 来全新安装系统,但也可以升级原先的系统。

升级步骤:

  • 从 Mageia 下载页面下载 ISO,将其烧录到 DVD 中,或制作成一个启动 U 盘,更多详情可以查看可用安装介质文章
  • 从 DVD 启动,选择“安装 Mageia 3”菜单
  • 选择 升级 选项。

推荐设置下在线仓库,在升级过程中,DVD 仅提供了 Mageia 在线仓库的部分子集。

在第一次启动时,使用命令 'urpmi --auto-update' 确保可用更新已经全部安装 [1]

已知问题

请查看 错误页面

问题报告

您可以在此查看我们的 bugzilla 点击,但在报告问题前请首先阅读 错误 页面。如果您尚未拥有一个 Mageia 账号,您可以在 https://identity.mageia.org/ 创建一个。如果您不了解问题的处理流程,请先阅读 如何报告问题