Contents
Repair Grub
grub
find /boot/grub/stage1
root (hdX,Y) <== hierher kommt das Ergebnis von find, z. B.: root (hd0,2)
setup (hdX)
quit
Source : http://wiki.linux-club.de/opensuse/GRUB_wiederherstellen
Fix Asus Xonar DG - no sound output (Mageia 5 / Mageia 6)
Current bugreport 15841
Soundcard found correctly and pulse shows that it recognize the PC sound, but you cant hear something (no sound output on speaker)
Enter in console
alsamixer
Press F6 and select the Soundcard (Xonar DG)
go right to the point "Analog output" with your arrow keys
If you see that the "Analog output" is set to "Stereo Headphones (FP)" change it to : Multichannel
or : Stereo Headphones
by pressing the up or down key.
Encrypt the Hard Drive / Festplattenverschlüsselung
Encryption
Encryption allows you to secure your hard drive, that other persons, who are not allowed to use your system, cant access you drive without password. The current status is, that if another person get admin rights on system (example: boot your system with an Linux Live CD/DVD) he get access on every partition. In this case, if the partition/hard drive is encrypted, he must enter the decrypt password first, before he get access to the drive.
Please note that you have to enter the password every time you mount the drive, too. If you maybe start your system and you want to have access to your drive (or the encrypted /home like in the example below) then you have to enter the password. You don't need to enter it again while its mounted.
You cannot remove the encryption of the partition later easy just by clicking a box. If you want to remove the encryption, then you have to delete the partition and recreate it. Please don't forget to backup your files first, before you do this because the files you have on this partition will get lost.
Warning! Note, that you should not forget the password, because if you do not know your password, you will not have access to the partition of course, too. |
How to encrypt on Mageia installation
During the installation, when you are at the "Partitioning" point in the installer, select "Custom disk partitioning". After that you can select the drive you want to partition manually (in this example it sda - click on it) and select Create.
After that, you can select the Start sector, the size you want for your partition, the file system type and the mount point. If you want to encrypt the partition, then check the box "Encrypt partition". After that you can enter the Encryption key you want and do this again in the other line.
If your done, press the "Ok" button and DrakX begins to create the partition. After that, you can check if the partition is encrypted by clicking on it. It shows in the partition details under "Device: mapper/crypt_sda6" and "Formatted Encrypted" (in this example sda6 is the encrypted partition. It could be have an another name and/or number, depending on your drive name and partition number).
How to encrypt a drive
Start the Mageia Control Center (MCC) and select "Local disks". After that choose "Manage disk partitions". Now you see Tabs with your drivesnames which are connected to your system. Choose the drive you want to encrypt and click on "Create" if you have an empty drive or free space, or remove the current partition and create a new one after that. Please note that all data get lost on this partition if you remove it. Doublecheck before that you have selected the right drive and/or partition first, too. Now you can create the encrypted partition like in the example above described.
Usage
After configuring the encrypted drive, at reboot, you will be asked for the passkey in a window. The system doesn't start if the key is false. Then you can access your encrypted space through the mountpoint you specified.
If the graphical interface is not starting, you have to enter the keypass blindly, allthough the starting messages flow continues.
Verschlüsselung
Die Verschlüsselung erlaubt dir, die Festplatte abzusichern, das keine andere Person, welche nicht dazu berechtigt ist dein System zu verwenden, zugriff auf dein Laufwerk zu erlangen ohne ein Passwort. Der aktuelle Status ist, dass sobald eine andere Person Adminrechte auf deinem System erhält (z.B. durch starten deines Systems mit einer Linux Live CD/DVD), diese Zugriff auf jede Partition erhält. In diesem Fall, falls die Partition verschlüsselt ist, muss die Person erst das Entschlüsselungspasswort eingeben um Zugriff auf das Laufwerk zu erhalten
Bitte beachte das du das Passwort auch jedesmal eingeben musst, wenn das Laufwerk eingebunden wird. Wenn du dein System startest und du möchtest Zugriff auf das Laufwerk (oder die verschlüsselte Partition wie z.B. /home im unteren Beispiel) musst du das Passwort eingeben. Du musst das Kennwort nicht eingeben solange das Laufwerk eingebunden ist.
Du kannst die Verschlüsselung der Partition später nicht einfach durch einen klick auf eine Box entfernen. Wenn du die Verschlüsselung entfernen möchtest, dann musst du die Partition löschen und neu erstellen. Bitte vergiss nicht dass du deine Daten vorher sicherst, bevor du dies tust, da deine ganzen Daten auf deiner Partition verloren gehen.
Warning! Beachte das du selbst das Passwort nicht vergessen darfst, denn wenn du das Passwort nicht mehr kennst, wirst auch du natürlich keinen Zugriff mehr auf die Partition haben. |
Wie man eine Mageia Installation verschlüsselt
Während der Installation, wenn du am "Partitionierung" Punkt des Installers angelangt bist, wähle "Benutzerdefinierte Partitionierung". Danach kannst du das Laufwerk auswählen welches manuell partitioniert werden soll (in diesem Beispiel ist es sda - klicke darauf) und wähle "Erzeugen".
Danach kannst du den Anfangssektor festlegen, die Größe der Partition die du möchtest, den Dateisystemtyp und den Einhängepunkt. Wenn du die Partition verschlüsseln möchtest, klicke auf die Box "Partition verschlüsseln". Gebe anschließend das Verschlüsselungspasswort ein, das du möchstest und wiederhole dies in der unteren Zeile.
Wenn du fertig bist drücke auf "Ok" und DrakX beginnt die Partition einzurichten. Anschließend kannst du überprüfen ob die Partition verschlüsselt ist, indem du auf diese klickst. Es zeigt in den Partitiondetails unter "Gerät: mapper/crypt_sda6" und "Formatiert Verschlüsselt" (in diesem Beispiel ist sda6 die verschlüsselte Partition. Es kann einen anderen Namen und/oder Nummer haben, was abhängig von deinem Laufwerksnamen und Partitionsnummer ist).
Wie man ein Laufwerk verschlüsselt
Starte das Mageia Kontrollzentrum (MCC) und wähle "Lokale Festplatten". Danach wähle "Partitionen verwalten". Nun siehst du Tabs mit deinen Laufwerknamen die zur Zeit mit deinem System verbunden sind. Wähle das Laufwerk das du verschlüsseln möchtest und klicke auf "Erzeugen", falls du ein leeres Laufwerk oder freien Speicherplatz besitzt oder lösche eine bestehende Partition und erstelle eine neue danach. Bitte beachte das alle Daten auf der Partition verloren gehen, wenn du diese löscht. Überprüfe vorher dass du das richtige Laufwerk und/oder Partition ausgewählt hast. Nun kannst du die verschlüsselte Partition erstellen, wie im obrigen Beispiel beschrieben.
Games and Gameclients for Linux
There are several ways to get games for Linux. The first and easiest one is to use the official Mageia repository, where some Open Source games are available to download. You can find a small and incomplete List here.
But if you want to buy an (current) title, than this Wikipage will shows you a small selection of available Websites/Shops where you can buy games for Linux online.
Please note that the most games are tested under Ubuntu, but they should also run with Mageia out of the box, if they dont need some special tools/APIs, for example Adobe Air, where Adobe dropped the Linux Support in the year 2011.
Desura
Offers DRM free games, DRM protected games and allows to buy Steam Keys.
Desura has its own tool, where you can manage the games bought there. They offer different Indiegames to buy. You can download the Desura Client for 64bit Linux as an .tar.gz file. To run it just extract it, and run the "desura" file.
If it doesnt work then open the console and go into the extracted desura folder /lib (e.g. /home/username/Downloads/desura/lib ) and run the following command
locate libbz
Now you see where the libbz2.so is saved. In my case it was /usr/lib64/libbz2.so.1.0.6
After that type as root (by typing "su" first and the requested admin password)
ln -s /usr/lib64/libbz2.so.1.0.6 libbz2.so.1.0
Now Desura should work.
Weblink
GOG.com
Offers DRM free games to download with an executable Downloadmanager.
Formaly known as Good old Games, because they mostly sold older game-classics, but they renamend themself after some years to GOG and now also sell some newer titles, too. They also offer some movies to watch. GOG.com is an Digital Distribution System by CD Project Red who are also known for the gameserie The Witcher.
Weblink
Humble Bundle
Offers DRM free and DRM Protected games to download via Homepage, Torrent or Steam (Steamkey), which are shown via Icons.
Humble Bundle is mostly known for its Humble Indie Bundles. These are packages of various Indiegames (some with Soundtracks as MP3 and/or FLAC), where you can set an own amount which you want to pay. A part of your payment will get donated to a charity project, like Free Software Foundation, Childs Play Charity or some other, which are changing from Bundle to Bundle. You can see on the page to which project they donate currently. This is also if you buy a regular title over the Humble Bundle Store. They also offer Book Bundles (eBook) and Mobile Bundles (for Smartphones).
Weblink
Steam
Offers mainly DRM Protected games, from fullprice to indiegames. Also some movies are avaiable and on some games you are able to download and play the soundtracks.
You can download Steam from the Mageia "nonfree" Repository.
Steam is a tool to manage via Steam bought games and was released by Valve in September 2003 for Windows and got ported to Linux on February 2013. Also Valve anounced its own Linux-Distribution SteamOS (based on Debian) on this time, which is still in experimental Beta. Since then, the number of Linux Titles which are avaiable under Steam are increasing. Valve is known for the Half-Life gameserie, Counter-Strike and DOTA2.
Retail Steam game
If you want to buy a retailgame with an Steam-Logo on the package and you see only Systemspecs for Windows on it, you can check the Steamwebsite first, to see if Linux is supported, too. If there is an Linux Icon for this game on the Steampage, that means, it will also run on Linux. You have then to enter the Steamkey which is inside the box, into the Steam Client and download the content. Installing the game from DVD will not work.
Weblink
Lutris
Lutris is no page where you can buy games, but its an tool written in Python, where you can manage all your games and it doesnt matter where you bought it. It currently supports managing and running your Steam and Desura games (GOG and Humble Bundle is planed for future), games installed via WINE and some more (see the about Webpage for more information). You dont need to enter your username or password from your Steam or Desura account directly in Lutris, it just adds an Shortcut to your games and start those, but you must have installed the client.
To add for example an Steam game, you just have to look what AppID the game has (you can see this if you create an Shortcut for the game to your desktop and open the shortcut with an texteditor. Now you see the AppID Number behind the line steam://rungameid/. Just add it to Lutris and select that it is an Steamgame and thats all.
To install it, download the .tar.gz package from the website and extract it. After that run
python setup.py install
If you want to run it from Mageia 4 and you get asked for PythonYAML, then just open a console as root and enter
urpmi PyYAML
After that it will download the needed package.
You can find a list of required packages for MGA 5 here.
Weblink
Consolecommands for Linux
This page shows basic commands for the console. For information about installing and managing pakages see URPMI. For an instruction with the console and first steps see Erste_Schritte_mit_der_Konsole_und_nützliche_Beispiele
Befehl | Beispiel | Beschreibung |
---|---|---|
ls | ls | Listet die verfügbaren Dateien und Verzeichnisse auf, die sich im aktuellen Verzeichnisort befinden Lists the files and directorys in the current directory/place |
ls -al | Listet auch versteckte Dateien und Verzeichnisse auf (-a) (erkennbar am . vor dem Dateinamen) und ausführliche Dateibeschreibung (-l) Lists also hidden files (-a) (hidden files have an . in front) and detailed Fileinformation (-l) | |
cd | cd Dokumente | Wechselt in das Verzeichnis Dokumente Changes to the Dokumente directory |
cd ~/Downloads | Wechselt in das Verzeichnis Downloads, welches sich in Home befindet, hierbei ist es egal in welchem Verzeichnis man sich selbst vorher befunden hat. Changes you location to the Downloads directory which is directly in your home. It doesnt matter in which place you was before. | |
cd.. | Geht ein Verzeichnis nach oben (z.B. von /Dokumente/2015/04/ in /Dokumente/2015/) Go one directory up (eg. from /Dokumente/2015/04/ to /Dokumente/2015/) | |
mv | mv Textdatei.txt Unterlagen.txt | Benennt die Datei Textdatei.txt in Unterlagen.txt um renames the File Textdatei.txt to Unterlagen.txt |
mv Info.txt ~/Dokumente/ | Verschiebt die Datei Info.txt in das Homeverzeichnis/Dokumente/ Moves the file Info.txt Dateiname to home/Dokumente/ | |
cp | cp Beispiel1.txt Beispiel2.txt | Legt eine Kopie von Beispiel1.txt mit dem Namen Beispiel2.txt an Creates an copy of Beispiel1.txt with the name Beispiel2.txt |
cp Textdatei.txt ~/Dokumente/test.txt | Legt eine Kopie der Textdatei.txt in das Verzeichnis Dokumente mit dem Namen test.txt an Creates an copy of you file Textdatei.txt to your /home/Dokumente/ directory with the name test.txt | |
rm | rm Textdatei.txt | Löscht die Datei Textdatei.txt Deletes the file Textdatei.txt |
rm -r nicht_benoetigt | Löscht das Verzeichnis nicht_benoetigt mit allen darin befindlichen Daten und Verzeichnisse (-r löscht rekursiv) Deletes the folder nicht_benoetigt with the files and subfolders (-r deletes recursive) | |
su | su | Wechselt zum Administrator im aktuellen Verzeichnis Gives you to admin rights |
su - | Wechselt zum Administrator und gleichzeitig in das Admin Verzeichnis Gives you admin rights and you are moved directly to the admin folder | |
./ | ./script.sh | Startet die Datei script.sh, die im aktuell befindlichen Verzeichnis liegt runs the file script.sh, who is in the current directory |
<programmname> | exaile | Startet den Audioplayer exaile (wenn er installiert ist) Runs the audioplayer exaile (if installed on your system) |
leafpad text.txt | Startet den Texteditor Leafpad und öffnet die Datei text.txt Runs the texteditor leafpad and opens the file text.txt | |
chmod | chmod +x script.sh | Macht die Datei script.sh Ausführbar makes the file script.sh runable |
chmod -x script.sh | Macht die Datei script.sh nichtmehr Ausführbar makes the file script.sh not runable | |
mkdir | mkdir Projekte | Erstellt ein neues Verzeichnis mit dem Namen Projekte Creates an new directory with the name Projekte |
locate | locate notentabelle.ods | Durchsucht deine Dateidatenbank nach der Datei notentabelle.ods und zeigt wo diese gespeichert ist Searches you Filedatabase for the file notentabelle.ods and shows where its saved |
history | history | Zeigt die verwendeten Konsolen-Befehle an Shows the used Consolecommands |
cat /dev/null > ~/.bash_history | Löscht die Liste der verwendeten Konsolen-Befehle (history). Sei vorsichtig dabei, das alles korrekt geschrieben wurde, nicht das du etwas falsches löscht ! Deletes the list of used Consolecommands (histroy). Be carefull that you write everything correct, that it doesnt delete something else ! | |
clear | clear | Löscht die angezeigte Ein-/Ausgabe in der Konsole Deletes the showed in-/output of the console |
glxinfo | glxinfo | grep OpenGL | Zeigt die aktuell unterstützte OpenGL Version (siehe "OpenGL core profile version string") Shows the currently supported OpenGL Version (see "OpenGL core profile version string") |
uname | uname -a | Zeigt den aktuell verwendeten Kernel Shows the current used Kernel |
Filenames with an space between / Dateinamen mit Leerzeichen
If your Filename or Foldername has an space in the name (like "Your File") then you have to write "Your\ File", you have to add an \ before the space.
cd Your\ Foldername
leafpad Your\ Filename.txt